Toward safe clinical deployment of remote robotic surgery in Japan: five-year validation of the hinotori™ system using 5G wireless communication.

Abstract

Remote robotic-assisted surgery (RRAS), a form of telesurgery, offers a potential solution to Japan's surgeon shortage and regional disparities in care. Despite advances in robotic systems and modern communication technologies, including both 5G wireless and wired networks, clinical adoption remains limited due to regulatory, infrastructural, and institutional barriers. This review consolidates five years (2020-2025) of technical and operational validation of the hinotori™ Surgical Robot System-