Gingival mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomal miR-23a-3p targets IL-6R to attenuate autoimmune insulitis: a cell-free therapeutic strategy for type 1 diabetes.

Abstract

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells, yet current therapies fail to address immune dysregulation. Gingival mesenchymal stem cells (GMSC) exhibit immunomodulatory potential, but cell-based therapies face challenges in standardization and survival. Exosomes, nanosized vesicles delivering bioactive molecules like miRNAs, offer a cell-free alternative. This study investigates GMSC-derived EXO (GMSC-EXO) enriched with miR-23a-3p as a novel strategy to