Wearable microneedle sensors for continuous interstitial fluid monitoring.

Abstract

Wearable microneedle (MN) sensors for continuous interstitial fluid (ISF) monitoring are emerging as transformative tools for real-time biochemical profiling in healthcare. Unlike point-of-care (POC) devices that provide single-time-point results, continuous MN systems deliver time-resolved molecular data over extended periods, enabling detection of rapid physiological changes and supporting timely, personalized interventions. This review focuses exclusively on continuous MN systems designed for