Ethical and Regulatory Considerations for Artificial Intelligence Adoption in Craniofacial Surgery.

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) continues to enhance surgical care, with growing applications in craniofacial surgery, including automated cephalometric analysis, diagnostics for craniosynostosis, virtual surgical planning, perioperative decision support, and prediction of postoperative outcomes. As these technologies transition from experimental systems to clinical tools that influence diagnosis, planning, and counseling, the specialty faces increasingly complex ethical and regulatory challenges.