Clinical Applications of Biophysical Stimuli Technologies for Bone Healing.

Abstract

Bone healing is a complex physiological process modulated by coordinated biological and mechanical factors. Despite bone's inherent regenerative capabilities, approximately 5-10% of fractures experience delayed union or nonunion, often attributed to factors such as infection, mechanical instability, poor vascularization, or systemic conditions like diabetes and osteoporosis. Thus, targeted interventions are essential to counteract these disruptions and improve bone healing outcomes. This review