Comparison of Internal Rotation, Local Cold and ShotBlocker on Intramuscular Injection Pain and Comfort

Brief Summary

This single-centre, randomized, counterbalanced, within-subjects clinical trial compared four techniques for reducing pain and improving comfort during ventrogluteal intramuscular cyanocobalamin injection in adults. Participants presenting to a family health centre for prescribed vitamin B12 injection each received four injections, one with each technique: standard injection, internal rotation of the extremity, local cold application, and ShotBlocker. Technique order was assigned using a 4 x 4 Latin-square randomization. Pain and comfort were measured immediately after each injection using 0-10 participant-reported scales.